
The Restoration Movement (RM) began not as another denomination, but as an effort to restore New Testament Christianity.
· It operates on a very simple premise: The Bible is the sufficient blueprint for organizing, governing, and “doing” church.
· “Our differences, at most, are about the things in which the kingdom of God does not consist, that is about matters of private opinion or human invention.”–T. Campbell on the division in Christendom
Today’s Restoration Movement churches aim to simply replicate New Testament Christianity as closely as possible. Therefore, the Bible’s book of Acts would be the starting place in terms of our historical origins. Throughout Christian history, there have been many sincere movements to return to “no creed but Christ, no book but the Bible.” We gladly fellowship with any body of believers sincerely calling Christ “Lord” and eagerly awaiting His return.
In the United States, most (though not all) churches with the simple designation “Christian Church” or “Church of Christ” flow out of one historically flowing river of church mergers based on a common set of beliefs. A few of the most notable leaders and mergers include:
O’Kelly & Guirey
· 1793-1794: James O’Kelly (VA) follows his personal convictions and leads a considerable group out of the Episcopal Methodist organization and into congregational church government
- They felt the episcopal form of church government then practiced by their denomination was non-biblical, so they decided to “…lay aside every manuscript except the Scriptures and take the Word of God alone as their guide.”[1]
- They also agreed to call themselves simply, “Christians.”
· C. 1808: William Guirey (PA, NC, then VA) separated from Methodism and formed a bond with O’Kelly over their simplistic devotion to the NT.
- In spite of his proclaimed devotion to following nothing but the NT, in c. 1810 O’Kelly broke from Guirey over Guirey’s biblical convictions on baptism by immersion.
Smith & Jones
While O’Kelly & Guirey were leaving Methodism in VA & NC to bind over simple NT devotion, a very similar partnership between two Baptists with near identical RM positions was forming in New England.
· 1790s: Elias Smith, a Baptist preacher (VT, CT), through his own study of the Scriptures, “became convinced that orthodox Calvinism was in error and that all standardized bodies of doctrine and creeds were wrong.”
[2]
· 1801: He met Abner Jones (MA, VT), a Baptist who introduced him to the Christian Church movement of New England.
- Jones had increasing doubts about being a Baptist. His doubts centered on three areas[3]:
- No scriptural warrant for the name “Baptist Church”
- Calvinism, particularly predestination
- The organization and polity of Baptist churches
- Jones & Smith formed a partnership, with Smith eventually taking the lead
· 1805: Smith published
The Christian’s Magazine, Reviewer, and Religious Intelligencer
- Religious journalism has been a wonderful tool of the Restoration Movement, and continues to serve our brotherhood greatly through periodicals such as the Christian Standard
- 1808: Smith published The Herald of Gospel Liberty, what some have called the world’s first religious newspaper
- These publications helped spread the word about this Restoration Movement and eventually served to join the northern O-Kelly/Guirey with the southern Smith/Jones movements.
· 1809: Guirey & Smith exchange letters and find they agree on:
- Baptism, episcopacy, and Calvinism
· 1811: at an annual meeting of the Virginia Christians, the Guirey portion of the O’Kelly movement and the Smith-Jones movement formed a union solely based on the New Testament.
- O’Kelly worked to oppose and dissolve because of his stance on baptism, but his efforts were ignored.
Stone-Campbell
· 1790s-1800s: Barton W. Stone (KY), a Presbyterian minister, struggled with the Westminster Confession, a man-made system of biblical doctrine necessary for clerical service in the Presbyterian Church. His particular problems dealt with the doctrines of Calvinism and its belief of Total Depravity.
- 1801: Stone preached at a revival near Cane Ridge, KY. There (and at many other such revivals) he emphasized the individual’s personal responsibility to believe as a necessary component of salvation (vs. Total Depravity).
- 1804: Stone regretfully separates further from the Presbyterian synod with The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery—a jovial document detailing the combined decision of several ministers. Their largest grievances: a lack of Christian unity, the need for exclusive biblical authority, and the biblical example of local congregational autonomy.[4]
· 1809: Thomas Campbell (Alexander’s father) writes
Declaration and Address, a document laying out the principles by which the church can restore primitive, NT Xnty. A brief summary of the propositions
[5]:
- I-II: The Church of Christ upon earth is essentially, intentionally, and constitutionally one. There are not many bodies of Christ, only one. Local congregations exist, but only one church.
- III: Nothing ought to be inculcated upon Christians as articles of faith; nor required of them as terms of communion, but what is expressly taught and enjoined upon them in the word of God.
- IV: While the OT guided during the period of the Old Covenant, the NT guides us today. We should not, therefore, use the OT as a proof text for NT doctrine or practice (Sabbath, tithe, etc.)
- V: Where the Bible speaks, we speak. Where it is silent, we are silent.
- VI: We must separate our conclusions about Scripture from Scripture itself.
- VII: Creeds may be used for the sake of expediency, but not as a test of fellowship or to cause division with the Church.
- VIII: The only things necessary for one to become a member of the Church are:
- 1. Know you’re lost
- 2. Profess faith in Christ
- 3. Obey Him in all things according to His Word
- IX: Christians should consider each other precious saints and act accordingly.
- X: Divisions are a “horrid evil,” which are anti-Christian, anti-Scriptural, and anti-natural.
- XI: All corruptions and divisions in the Church are a result of (1) partial neglect of the revealed will of God, and/or (2) making human opinions a term of communion.
- XII: Only those described in VIII ought to become members, and their conduct ought to reflect the reality of their profession.
- XIII: Churches may speak “where the Bible is silent” (i.e.: what time to have church or what kind of music) insofar as they do not elevate their opinion to one of fellowship or communion.
· 1813: Alexander Campbell (formerly Presbyterian by familial association) joins the Redstone Baptist Association and preaches throughout PA, OH, and VA. He appreciated the Baptists because they cared “little for anything else in religion than conversion and Bible doctrine.”
- Primarily through a study of Mark 16.16 (though obviously affected by various other parts of the NT), Campbell becomes convinced that baptism is not an “unimportant matter” which we may allow to “slip” per individual convictions. He teaches baptism for the remission of sins.
- 1823: Campbell begins a periodical: the Christian Baptist, through which he often receives attention for his attacks on extra-biblical church organizations, infant baptism, and other matters commonly enforced throughout Christian circles without biblical authority to do so.
- Campbell’s absolute insistence on the Bible as the only basis for church teaching and practice eventually distanced himself and his followers from other believers.
- Baptist insistence to rely on Calvinistic tenets as a test of fellowship led them to label him a “heterodox.”
· 1830-1831: Campbell and Stone, through an agreement to focus solely on biblically essential matters for fellowship, merge their movements. This was most successful in Kentucky.
Commonly reemerging themes:
· Complete and absolute NT authority
· Christian Unity (one Church, many congregations)
· Believer’s baptism
Brief summary of the development of the Restoration Movement in the US
· During the late 1700s, James O’Kelly, a Methodist preacher from Virginia, and William Guirey, a Methodist preacher from North Carolina both caught wind that the other man was preaching the need to (in O’Kelly’s words): “…lay aside every manuscript except the Scriptures and take the Word of God alone as their guide.” The met and quickly formed a union.
· In the early 1800s, two Baptist pastors: Elias Smith from Connecticut and Abner Jones from Vermont, heard of each other’s desire to leave his denomination due to (1) a lack of scriptural warrant for such a division within the body of Christ, (2) a non-biblical form of church government, and (3) the existence of man-made theological systems for “humanly devised tests of orthodoxy.” They bonded together in 1809 and then joined forces with William Guirey in 1811.
· During the late 1700s and early 1800s, two men, Barton Stone and Alexander Campbell, struggled with the Westminster Confession, a man-made system of biblical doctrine necessary for membership and clerical service in many churches. They broke from the Presbyterian and Baptist churches, respectively, and finally merged in 1830-1831.
For more, see: North, Jim.
Union in Truth: An Interpretive History of the Restoration Movement
[1] (North 1994, 17)
[2] (North 1994, 25)
[3] See: (North 1994, 25)
[4] (North 1994, 55)
[5] (North 1994, 89f)